Module 2 Physics 100 Important Sentences for Revision

October 21, 2025 Aircraft, easa, Module 2, module 2 physics

⚙️ Module 02 – Physics

1. Basic Concepts

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and motion.
Matter has mass and occupies space.
Mass is the quantity of matter in a body.
Weight is the force of gravity acting on mass.
Density equals mass divided by volume.
Specific gravity is the ratio of substance density to water.
Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration.
The unit of force is the Newton (N).
One Newton equals one kilogram-meter per second squared.
Pressure equals force divided by area.

2. Motion and Laws

Displacement is the shortest distance between two points.
Speed is the rate of change of distance.
Velocity is speed in a given direction.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Deceleration is negative acceleration or slowing down.
Newton’s first law states a body remains at rest or constant motion unless acted by force.
Newton’s second law defines force equals mass times acceleration.
Newton’s third law states every action has equal and opposite reaction.
Momentum equals mass times velocity.
Impulse equals force multiplied by time.

3. Work, Energy, and Power

Work is done when a force moves an object.
Work equals force multiplied by distance moved.
Unit of work is joule (J).
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Kinetic energy equals half mass times velocity squared.
Potential energy equals mass times gravity times height.
Mechanical energy equals potential plus kinetic energy.
Power equals work done divided by time.
Unit of power is watt (W).
One horsepower equals 746 watts approximately.

4. Machines and Efficiency

Simple machines change magnitude or direction of force.
Levers have three classes depending on fulcrum, effort, and load.
Mechanical advantage equals load divided by effort.
Velocity ratio equals distance moved by effort to load.
Efficiency equals mechanical advantage divided by velocity ratio.
Pulley systems provide mechanical advantage by rope arrangements.
Inclined plane reduces effort needed to lift weight.
Gear trains transfer motion and torque between shafts.
Screw jack converts rotary motion into linear motion.
No machine is 100% efficient due to friction losses.

5. Properties of Matter

Elasticity is the ability of material to return to original shape.
Hooke’s law states stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit.
Stress equals force divided by cross-sectional area.
Strain equals change in length divided by original length.
Modulus of elasticity equals stress divided by strain.
Plastic deformation is permanent change beyond elastic limit.
Ductility allows a material to be drawn into wire.
Malleability allows a material to be hammered into sheets.
Brittleness is property of breaking without deformation.
Toughness is resistance to fracture when energy is absorbed.

6. Fluids – Statics

Fluid includes both liquids and gases.
Pascal’s law states pressure applied to fluid is transmitted equally.
Hydrostatic pressure equals density times gravity times height.
Archimedes’ principle states a body immersed in fluid experiences buoyant force equal to weight of displaced fluid.
Buoyant force acts upward against gravity.
Specific weight equals weight per unit volume.
Gauge pressure is measured above atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure equals gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.
Manometer is used to measure fluid pressure difference.
Barometer measures atmospheric pressure using mercury column.

7. Fluids – Dynamics

Bernoulli’s principle states increase in fluid speed decreases pressure.
Continuity equation states area times velocity remains constant in streamline flow.
Laminar flow has smooth parallel layers with no mixing.
Turbulent flow contains irregular eddies and mixing motion.
Viscosity is internal friction between fluid layers.
Reynolds number determines type of fluid flow.
Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles form and collapse in liquid.
Flow rate equals volume of fluid per unit time.
Venturi tube measures fluid velocity using pressure difference.
Pitot tube measures total and static pressures in airflow.

8. Heat and Temperature

Heat is energy transferred due to temperature difference.
Temperature measures average kinetic energy of particles.
Celsius scale has freezing point 0°C and boiling point 100°C.
Kelvin scale absolute zero equals −273°C.
Heat flows from hot to cold bodies.
Specific heat capacity is heat required to raise unit mass by one degree.
Latent heat is energy absorbed or released during phase change.
Conduction transfers heat through solids by particle vibration.
Convection transfers heat through fluids by movement of molecules.
Radiation transfers heat without any medium.

9. Gas Laws

Boyle’s law: pressure inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature.
Charles’s law: volume directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure.
Gay-Lussac’s law: pressure directly proportional to temperature at constant volume.
Combined gas law relates pressure, volume, and temperature.
Ideal gas law: PV = nRT.
Absolute zero is temperature where molecular motion stops.
Isothermal process occurs at constant temperature.
Adiabatic process occurs without heat transfer.
Gas expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
Standard atmospheric pressure equals 1013.25 hPa or 14.7 psi.

10. Sound and Light

Sound requires a medium for transmission.
Frequency is number of vibrations per second measured in hertz.
Speed of sound increases with temperature.
Ultrasound has frequency above 20,000 hertz.
Reflection occurs when sound or light bounces from surface.
Refraction is bending of light when passing between mediums.
Diffraction is spreading of waves around obstacles.
Interference occurs when two waves overlap each other.
Light travels in straight lines in uniform medium.
White light is a mixture of seven visible colors.