Module 09 Human Factors 100 Important Sentences for Revision

1. Introduction to Human Factors

1. Human factors study how people interact with machines and environments.
2. Around 80% of aircraft accidents involve human error.
3. Human factors aim to improve safety and efficiency.
4. Maintenance errors can have serious consequences in aviation.
5. The “SHELL” model explains human interaction in aviation systems.
6. “SHELL” stands for Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware, Liveware.
7. Liveware represents the human element in the system.
8. The goal of human factors is to reduce human error.
9. Human performance depends on physical, mental, and emotional states.
10. Aviation safety relies on teamwork and communication.

2. Human Performance and Limitations

11. Human capability has physical and psychological limits.
12. Physical factors include strength, vision, and hearing.
13. Mental factors include perception, attention, and memory.
14. Human short-term memory holds information for only a few seconds.
15. Long-term memory stores knowledge and experience.
16. Working memory processes current information.
17. Attention can only focus on a limited number of tasks.
18. Multitasking increases the risk of error.
19. Fatigue reduces attention and reaction time.
20. Stress can affect decision-making and performance.

3. Environment and Workplace Factors

21. Lighting affects accuracy in visual inspections.
22. Poor lighting may cause eye strain or missed defects.
23. Noise interferes with communication and concentration.
24. Excessive noise can cause hearing loss over time.
25. Temperature extremes reduce work efficiency.
26. High temperature causes dehydration and fatigue.
27. Low temperature affects hand coordination and tools handling.
28. Humidity can lead to corrosion and discomfort.
29. Vibration causes long-term physical health issues.
30. Workspace layout should support safe and efficient work.

4. Communication in Maintenance

31. Communication ensures the correct transfer of information.
32. Miscommunication is a major cause of maintenance errors.
33. Verbal communication must be clear and precise.
34. Written communication includes logs, worksheets, and reports.
35. Handovers between shifts must be accurate and complete.
36. Standard phraseology reduces misunderstanding.
37. Feedback confirms that the message was understood.
38. Language barriers can cause misinterpretation.
39. Use of checklists supports communication clarity.
40. Always document work performed and work pending.

5. Teamwork

41. Teamwork enhances safety and problem-solving.
42. Teams should have clear roles and responsibilities.
43. Leadership provides direction and motivation.
44. Good teams have open communication.
45. Mutual respect builds trust among team members.
46. Poor teamwork can result in missed errors.
47. Conflict should be managed constructively.
48. Regular briefings improve coordination.
49. Cooperation between departments ensures smoother workflow.
50. Team decision-making reduces individual bias.

6. Stress and Fatigue

51. Stress is the body’s reaction to demands and pressure.
52. Stress can be positive (motivating) or negative (harmful).
53. Chronic stress reduces concentration and performance.
54. Common causes of stress are workload, time pressure, and conflicts.
55. Fatigue is extreme tiredness resulting from long hours or poor rest.
56. Fatigue reduces alertness and reaction time.
57. Sleep deprivation affects decision-making and mood.
58. Fatigue can accumulate over several days.
59. Proper rest and work schedules prevent fatigue.
60. Awareness of personal limits prevents unsafe decisions.

7. Human Error

61. Human error is an unintentional action that results in undesired outcome.
62. Errors can be active or latent.
63. Active errors occur immediately and have direct effects.
64. Latent errors lie hidden until triggered by conditions.
65. Slips occur when actions do not go as planned.
66. Lapses are memory failures.
67. Mistakes result from wrong decisions or incorrect knowledge.
68. Violations are intentional deviations from procedures.
69. The “Dirty Dozen” are twelve common causes of human error.
70. Awareness of error traps helps prevent mistakes.

8. The Dirty Dozen

71. The Dirty Dozen were identified by Gordon Dupont.
72. The twelve factors include: lack of communication, complacency, and knowledge.
73. Other factors include distraction, teamwork, and fatigue.
74. Lack of resources leads to unsafe shortcuts.
75. Pressure causes rushing and missed checks.
76. Lack of assertiveness prevents speaking up about safety.
77. Stress and norms also influence errors.
78. Distraction is the most common cause of maintenance error.
79. Always return to the job after interruption to recheck progress.
80. Recognizing these factors helps prevent accidents.

9. Safety Culture

81. Safety culture is the attitude and behavior toward safety.
82. A good safety culture encourages reporting of errors.
83. A blame-free culture promotes learning from mistakes.
84. Just culture balances accountability and learning.
85. Management commitment is essential for safety culture.
86. Safety meetings improve awareness and feedback.
87. Reporting systems help identify recurring problems.
88. Safety is everyone’s responsibility.
89. A positive safety attitude prevents risk-taking.
90. Continuous training supports a strong safety culture.

10. Human Factors in Maintenance Tasks

91. Maintenance errors can be reduced by using checklists.
92. Documentation ensures traceability of work.
93. Double inspection is required for critical tasks.
94. Job rotation reduces fatigue and boredom.
95. Use of approved tools prevents damage or injury.
96. Time pressure should never compromise safety.
97. Always follow the aircraft maintenance manual.
98. Record all defects, even minor ones.
99. Training improves awareness and competence.
100. Human factors knowledge improves safety, teamwork, and performance.

 

Read More