Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Showing posts with label AVIATION. Show all posts
Showing posts with label AVIATION. Show all posts

Module 11 – Aircraft Structures & Systems 100 sentences cover Aircraft structures and systems topics.

 1. Aircraft Structures

  1. Fuselage provides strength, rigidity, and safe enclosure for crew, passengers, and cargo.

  2. Semi-monocoque fuselage construction uses frames, stringers, bulkheads, and skin for strength.

  3. Wing structure contains spars, ribs, and stringers to maintain aerodynamic shape.

  4. Empennage includes horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer, rudder, and elevator.

  5. Primary flight controls are ailerons, elevator, and rudder for maneuvering.

  6. Secondary flight controls include flaps, slats, spoilers, and trim tabs.

  7. Landing gear absorbs landing loads, provides taxi support, and ground clearance.

  8. Hydraulic actuators extend and retract landing gear during operation.

  9. Aircraft doors use locking mechanisms to withstand cabin pressurization loads.

  10. Composite materials reduce weight, improve corrosion resistance, and increase strength.

2. Hydraulic Systems

  1. Hydraulic system uses pressurized fluid to transmit force and motion.

  2. Pascal’s law states pressure applied to fluid is transmitted equally.

  3. Hydraulic reservoirs store fluid, maintain pressure, and remove air bubbles.

  4. Hydraulic pumps convert mechanical energy into fluid power pressure.

  5. Filters remove contaminants, dirt, and particles from hydraulic system.

  6. Hydraulic accumulators store pressure, absorb shocks, and damp pulsations.

  7. Actuators convert hydraulic pressure into mechanical linear or rotary motion.

  8. Pressure relief valves prevent over-pressurization and system damage.

  9. Hydraulic lines are color-coded and labeled for maintenance safety.

  10. Skydrol hydraulic fluid is fire resistant but corrosive to skin.

3. Pneumatic Systems

  1. Pneumatic systems use compressed air for brakes, engine starting, and de-icing.

  2. Sources of pneumatic power include engine bleed air and APU.

  3. Pressure regulators maintain required pneumatic pressure during operation.

  4. Moisture separators remove water vapor to avoid icing problems.

  5. Pneumatic accumulators stabilize system pressure fluctuations effectively.

  6. Over-pressure relief valves protect pneumatic system against excessive pressure.

  7. Pneumatic system operates wing anti-ice boots using compressed air.

  8. Engine cross-bleed valve controls pneumatic supply between engines.

  9. Pneumatic leak detection uses overheat sensing loops along ducts.

  10. Pneumatic manifolds distribute bleed air to multiple aircraft systems.

4. Landing Gear Systems

  1. Retractable landing gear reduces drag and improves aerodynamic performance.

  2. Nose gear provides steering control during taxiing and take-off.

  3. Main gear supports aircraft weight during landing and ground operations.

  4. Oleo strut absorbs landing shocks using hydraulic oil and nitrogen.

  5. Landing gear doors reduce drag and protect retracted gear.

  6. Anti-skid system prevents wheel lock-up and reduces tire wear.

  7. Brake units are multi-disc or carbon disc assemblies for stopping.

  8. Emergency extension system uses free-fall, pneumatic, or manual methods.

  9. Proximity sensors provide landing gear position indication to cockpit.

  10. Tire pressure must be checked regularly for safety and performance.

5. Electrical Systems

  1. Aircraft electrical system provides power to avionics, lights, and instruments.

  2. Direct Current (DC) is supplied by batteries and DC generators.

  3. Alternating Current (AC) is supplied by alternators and inverters.

  4. Transformer rectifier units convert AC power into regulated DC.

  5. Circuit breakers protect wiring and components from overcurrent.

  6. Bus bars distribute electrical power to aircraft subsystems.

  7. Static inverters convert DC battery power into AC emergency power.

  8. Ground power unit supplies external electrical power during maintenance.

  9. Auxiliary Power Unit provides electrical and pneumatic power on ground.

  10. Emergency power is supplied by battery when generators fail.

6. Avionics Systems

  1. Pitot-static system measures airspeed, altitude, and vertical speed.

  2. Altimeter displays aircraft altitude above mean sea level.

  3. Airspeed indicator uses dynamic and static pressure difference.

  4. Vertical speed indicator shows climb or descent rate.

  5. Attitude indicator provides artificial horizon using gyroscopes.

  6. Heading indicator gives aircraft directional reference during flight.

  7. Radio altimeter measures height above ground using radio waves.

  8. Flight Management System integrates navigation, performance, and guidance.

  9. GPS provides global navigation signals using satellites.

  10. Autopilot reduces pilot workload by automatically controlling flight path.

7. Fuel Systems

  1. Fuel tanks store fuel inside wings, fuselage, or stabilizers.

  2. Boost pumps deliver pressurized fuel to engines and APU.

  3. Cross-feed valves allow fuel transfer between tanks during flight.

  4. Fuel control unit meters correct amount of fuel to engine.

  5. Fuel jettison system allows safe fuel dumping during emergencies.

  6. Fuel filters remove water, contaminants, and particles from fuel.

  7. Fuel quantity is measured by capacitance probes inside tanks.

  8. Vent system prevents vacuum formation inside fuel tanks.

  9. Fuel heaters prevent ice formation inside fuel lines.

  10. Gravity feed ensures emergency fuel supply if pumps fail.

8. Environmental Systems

  1. Pressurization system maintains cabin altitude and passenger comfort.

  2. Outflow valve regulates cabin pressure by controlling air discharge.

  3. Safety valve prevents excessive over-pressurization or negative pressure.

  4. Air conditioning packs provide conditioned air using bleed air.

  5. Mixing unit blends hot bleed air with cold conditioned air.

  6. Recirculation fans reduce bleed air demand and save fuel.

  7. Cabin temperature is controlled automatically or manually by pilots.

  8. Oxygen system supplies crew and passengers during depressurization.

  9. Chemical oxygen generators supply passenger masks during emergencies.

  10. Portable oxygen bottles are available for crew mobility.

9. Fire Protection Systems

  1. Fire detection uses continuous-loop, spot, and flame detectors.

  2. Smoke detectors are installed in cargo compartments and lavatories.

  3. Fire bottles contain Halon extinguishing agent under pressure.

  4. Squibs rupture fire bottles for agent discharge when activated.

  5. Engine fire handle closes fuel, hydraulic, and bleed air valves.

  6. APU fire extinguishing system is independent from engine system.

  7. Cargo fire suppression system uses multiple Halon bottles sequentially.

  8. Fire warning indications are displayed on cockpit annunciator panels.

  9. Built-in test equipment checks fire detection circuits automatically.

  10. Cabin crew training includes fire drill and extinguisher operation.

10. Ice and Rain Protection

  1. Pneumatic boots break ice by inflation and deflation cycles.

  2. Thermal anti-ice uses hot engine bleed air on wings.

  3. Windshield heat prevents ice formation and removes fogging.

  4. Pitot probes use electrical heating for anti-ice protection.

  5. Propeller de-icing uses electrical heating elements on blades.

  6. Rain removal is achieved by windshield wipers and chemical rain repellent.

  7. Thermal ice protection prevents engine inlet icing.

  8. Electrical anti-ice systems protect static ports and sensors.

  9. Ice detectors provide warning of ice accumulation to crew.

  10. Integrated system combines pneumatic, thermal, and electrical anti-ice methods.

Aircraft Basic Definitions

 Aircraft Basic Definitions  

  • Aircraft:  A machine that can fly, such as an airplane or helicopter.
  • Aerodynamics: The study of how air moves around objects, especially aircraft.
  • Aileron: A hinged surface on the wing that controls roll movement.
  • Altitude: The height of an aircraft above the ground or sea level.
  • Airfoil: A shape designed to produce lift when air flows over it.
  • Attitude: The orientation of an aircraft in relation to the horizon.
  • Chord Line: A straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of a wing.
  • Drag: The force that resists the motion of an aircraft through the air.
  • Elevator: A control surface on the tail that adjusts the aircraft's pitch.
  • Flaps:  Movable surfaces on the wing that increase lift or drag.
  • Fuselage: The main body of an aircraft, where passengers and cargo are carried.
  • Landing Gear: The wheels or skids that allow an aircraft to land and take off.
  • Lift: The force that keeps an aircraft in the air, created by airflow over the wings.
  • Propeller: A rotating blade that generates thrust to move an aircraft forward.
  • Rudder: A control surface on the tail that controls yaw movement.
  • Stall: A condition where the wing stops generating enough lift due to a high angle of attack.
  • Thrust: The forward force produced by an engine or propeller.
  • Torque: A twisting force, often produced by an engine, that affects aircraft stability.
  • Turbulence: Irregular air movement that causes an aircraft to shake or move unpredictably.
  • Yaw: The side-to-side movement of an aircraft's nose, controlled by the rudder.
  • Module -9 Final Practice Exam (Human Factors 20 Questions 25 Mints)

     

    Module - 9 (Human Factors)

    Module - 9 (Human Factors)

    Final Practice Exam Test

      

     

    All types of AMEL Modules Questions quantity and Time information

     Modules Questions and time information

    MODULE 1 MATHEMATICS

    1. Category A:    16 multi-choice Time allowed 20 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  32 multi-choice Time allowed 40 minutes.
    3. Category B2:  32 multi-choice Time allowed 40 minutes.
    4. Category B3:  28 multi-choice Time allowed 35 minutes. 

    MODULE 2 PHYSICS

    1. Category A:    32 multi-choice Time allowed 40 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    3. Category B2:  52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    4. Category B3:  28 multi-choice Time allowed 35 minutes.

    MODULE 3 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS

    1. Category A:    20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    3. Category B2:  52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    4. Category B3:  24 multi-choice Time allowed 30 minutes.

    MODULE 4 ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTALS

    1. Category B1:   20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    2. Category B2:   40 multi-choice Time allowed 50 minutes.
    3. Category B3:   8 multi-choice Time allowed 10 minutes.

    MODULE 5 DIGITAL TECHNIQUES

    1. Category A:         16 multi-choice Time allowed 20 minutes.
    2. Category B1.1:    40 multi-choice Time allowed 50 minutes.
    3. Category B1.3:    40 multi-choice Time allowed 50 minutes
    4. Category B1.2:    20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    5. Category B1.4:    20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    6. Category B2:       72 multi-choice Time allowed 90 minutes.
    7. Category B3:       16 multi-choice Time allowed 20 minutes.

    MODULE 6 MATERIALS AND HARDWARE

    1. Category A:    52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  72 multi-choice Time allowed 90 minutes.
    3. Category B2:  60 multi-choice Time allowed 75 minutes.
    4. Category B3:  60 multi-choice Time allowed 75 minutes.

    MODULE 7A MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

    1. Category A:    72 multi-choice and 2 essay questions. Time allowed 90 mins plus 40 mins. 
    2. Category B1:  80 multi-choice and 2 essay questions. Time allowed 100 mins plus 40 mins.
    3. Category B2:  60 multi-choice and 2 essay questions. Time allowed 75 mins plus 40 mins.

    MODULE 7B MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

    1. Category B3:  60 multi-choice and 2 essay questions. Time allowed 75 mins plus 40 mins.

    MODULE 8 BASIC AERODYNAMICS

    1. Category A:    20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    3. Category B2:  20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    4. Category B3:  20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.

    MODULE 9A HUMAN FACTORS

    1. Category A:     20 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 25 mins plus 20 mins.
    2. Category B1:   20 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 25 mins plus 20 mins.
    3. Category B2:   20 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 25 mins plus 20 mins.
    MODULE 9B — HUMAN FACTORS
    1. Category B3:  16 multi-choice and 1 essay questions. Time allowed 20 mins plus 20 mins.

    MODULE 10 AVIATION LEGISLATION

    1. Category A:    32 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 40 mins plus 20 mins.
    2. Category B1:  40 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 50 mins plus 20 mins.
    3. Category B2:  40 multi-choice and 1 essay question. Time allowed 50 mins plus 20 mins.
    4. Category B3:  32 multi-choice and 1 essay questions. Time allowed 40 mins plus 20 mins.

    MODULE 11A TURBINE AEROPLANE STRUCTURES & SYS

    1. Category A:    108 multi-choice Time allowed 135 minutes. 
    2. Category B1:  140 multi-choice Time allowed 175 minutes.
    MODULE 11B — PISTON AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES & SYS
    1. Category A:    72 multi-choice Time allowed 90 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  100 multi-choice Time allowed 125 minutes.
     MODULE 11C — PISTON AEROPLANE, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS 
    1. Category B3:   60 multi-choice Time allowed 75 minutes.

    MODULE 12 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYS

    1. Category A:    100 multi-choice Time allowed 125 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  128 multi-choice Time allowed 160 minutes.

    MODULE 13 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

    1. Category B2:   180 multi-choice Time allowed 225 minutes.

    MODULE 14 PROPULSION 

    1. Category B2:    24 multi-choice Time allowed 30 minutes.

    MODULE 15 GAS TURBINE ENGINE

    1. Category A:    60 multi-choice Time allowed 75 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  92 multi-choice Time allowed 115 minutes.

    MODULE 16 PISTON ENGINE

    1. Category A:    52 multi-choice Time allowed 65 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  72 multi-choice Time allowed 90 minutes.
    3. Category B3:  68 multi-choice Time allowed 85 minutes.

    MODULE 17A PROPELLER

    1. Category A:    20 multi-choice Time allowed 25 minutes.
    2. Category B1:  32 multi-choice Time allowed 40 minutes.

    MODULE 17B PROPELLER

    1. Category B3:   28 multi-choice Time allowed 35 minutes