Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Aviation

Learning Point

Module 04 Electronic 100 Important Sentences for Revision

1. Basics of Electronics

  1. Electronics deals with the flow of electrons in vacuum, gas, or semiconductor.
  2. Current flow in electronics is controlled using components.
  3. Electric current is the movement of free electrons in a circuit.
  4. Voltage is the potential difference that drives current.
  5. Resistance limits the amount of current in a circuit.
  6. Conductors allow easy flow of electrons.
  7. Insulators resist the flow of electrons.
  8. Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators.
  9. Silicon and germanium are common semiconductor materials.
  10. Doping adds impurities to semiconductor to change its properties.

2. Types of Current

  1. Direct current (DC) flows in one direction only.
  2. Alternating current (AC) changes direction periodically.
  3. DC voltage is constant over time.
  4. AC voltage varies sinusoidally with time.
  5. Frequency is the number of AC cycles per second.
  6. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
  7. Period is the time taken for one complete AC cycle.
  8. The RMS value of AC gives equivalent DC value.
  9. Peak value is the maximum value of an AC waveform.
  10. Average value of AC equals 0.637 × peak value.

3. Conductors, Resistors, and Materials

  1. Ohm’s law states V = I × R.
  2. Resistance increases with temperature in most metals.
  3. Resistivity depends on material type and temperature.
  4. Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity.
  5. Colour codes identify resistor values.
  6. Fixed resistors have constant resistance.
  7. Variable resistors allow resistance adjustment.
  8. Potentiometers act as voltage dividers.
  9. Thermistors change resistance with temperature.
  10. LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors) change resistance with light intensity.

4. Capacitors

  1. Capacitor stores electrical energy in an electric field.
  2. Capacitance is the ability to store charge.
  3. Unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
  4. Capacitance increases with plate area and decreases with plate distance.
  5. Dielectric material increases capacitor’s efficiency.
  6. Energy stored in a capacitor = ½ C × V².
  7. Capacitor blocks DC and allows AC to pass.
  8. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized.
  9. Ceramic capacitors are non-polarized.
  10. Capacitors are used for filtering, timing, and coupling circuits.

5. Inductors

  1. Inductor stores energy in a magnetic field.
  2. Inductance opposes change in current flow.
  3. Unit of inductance is the henry (H).
  4. Inductance increases with more coil turns.
  5. Inductance increases with iron or ferrite core.
  6. Inductive reactance increases with frequency.
  7. Formula for inductive reactance: XL = 2Ï€fL.
  8. Inductors are used in filters and tuned circuits.
  9. Mutual inductance occurs between two nearby coils.
  10. Energy stored in inductor = ½ L × I².

6. AC Circuits

  1. In resistive circuit, voltage and current are in phase.
  2. In inductive circuit, current lags voltage by 90 degrees.
  3. In capacitive circuit, current leads voltage by 90 degrees.
  4. Impedance (Z) is total opposition to AC current.
  5. Impedance combines resistance and reactance.
  6. Formula: Z = √(R² + (XL − XC)²).
  7. Power factor = cos φ, where φ is phase angle.
  8. True power = V × I × cos φ.
  9. Apparent power = V × I.
  10. Reactive power = V × I × sin φ.

7. Diodes

  1. A diode allows current to flow in one direction only.
  2. It has an anode and a cathode terminal.
  3. P-N junction forms when p-type and n-type materials join.
  4. Forward bias allows current to pass through diode.
  5. Reverse bias blocks current flow.
  6. Silicon diode forward voltage drop is about 0.7 V.
  7. Germanium diode forward voltage drop is about 0.3 V.
  8. Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region for voltage regulation.
  9. LED emits light when forward biased.
  10. Photodiode generates current when exposed to light.

8. Rectifiers and Power Supplies

  1. Rectifiers convert AC voltage into DC voltage.
  2. Half-wave rectifier uses one diode.
  3. Full-wave rectifier uses two or four diodes.
  4. Bridge rectifier uses four diodes in bridge configuration.
  5. Filter capacitor smooths pulsating DC output.
  6. Ripple voltage is unwanted AC variation in DC output.
  7. Voltage regulators maintain constant DC output.
  8. Linear regulator dissipates excess voltage as heat.
  9. Switching regulator uses high-frequency switching for efficiency.
  10. Power supply converts and stabilizes electrical power for circuits.

9. Transistors

  1. Transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device.
  2. Terminals are emitter, base, and collector.
  3. NPN and PNP are two transistor types.
  4. Small base current controls large collector current.
  5. Transistor acts as amplifier or switch.
  6. Current gain (β) = collector current / base current.
  7. In common emitter configuration, output is inverted.
  8. Biasing sets correct operating point of transistor.
  9. Saturation means transistor fully conducts.
  10. Cut-off means transistor completely off.

10. Digital Electronics and Logic Gates

  1. Digital signals have two states: ON (1) and OFF (0).
  2. Analog signals vary continuously.
  3. Logic gates perform basic digital operations.
  4. AND gate output is 1 only if all inputs are 1.
  5. OR gate output is 1 if any input is 1.
  6. NOT gate output is opposite of input.
  7. NAND gate output is opposite of AND output.
  8. NOR gate output is opposite of OR output.
  9. XOR gate output is 1 when inputs are different.
  10. Digital electronics form the basis of computer and avionics systems.

Module 01 Mathematics 100 important sentences for Revision

1. Basic Arithmetic

  1. Mathematics is the science of numbers and quantities.
  2. Addition combines two or more quantities into one.
  3. Subtraction finds the difference between two numbers.
  4. Multiplication is repeated addition of the same number.
  5. Division splits a number into equal parts.
  6. The order of operations follows BODMAS rule.
  7. BODMAS means Brackets, Orders, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.
  8. A fraction shows a part of a whole.
  9. The numerator is the number above the fraction line.
  10. Below the fraction line the number is called denominator.

2. Factions and Decimals

  1. Like fractions have the same denominator.
  2. Unlike fractions have different denominators.
  3. To add fractions, make denominators the same.
  4. Improper fractions have numerators larger than denominators.
  5. Mixed fractions combine whole numbers and fractions.
  6. Decimal numbers are fractions with denominators as powers of ten.
  7. To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide numerator by denominator.
  8. To convert a decimal to percentage, multiply by 100.
  9. 0.75 equals ¾ or 75%.
  10. 1/5 equals 0.2 or 20%.

3. Ratios and Proportions

  1. A ratio compares two quantities by division.
  2. A proportion shows two ratios are equal.
  3. Ratios can be simplified like fractions.
  4. Direct proportion means both quantities increase together.
  5. Inverse proportion means one quantity increases, the other decreases.
  6. Example: speed and time are inversely proportional.
  7. Example: distance and time are directly proportional.
  8. Cross multiplication is used to solve proportions.
  9. Percentage = (part ÷ whole) × 100.
  10. Ratio 2:3 means for every 2 of one, there are 3 of another.

4. Powers and Roots

  1. A power or index shows repeated multiplication.
  2. .
  3. Any number to power zero equals one.
  4. A square is a number multiplied by itself.
  5. A number multiplied by itself twice is called cube.
  6. Square root is the number that produces a given number when multiplied by itself.
  7. Cube root gives a number whose cube equals the original number.
  8. .
  9. .
  10. Indices follow rules of addition and subtraction in powers.

5. Algebra Basics

  1. Algebra uses symbols to represent unknown quantities.
  2. A variable is a letter that represents a number.
  3. A term is a combination of numbers and variables.
  4. A coefficient is the number multiplied by a variable.
  5. Like terms have the same variable and power.
  6. Unlike terms have different variables or powers.
  7. Equation is a statement showing two expressions are equal.
  8. To solve an equation, isolate the variable.
  9. Linear equations have variables raised to power one.
  10. Simultaneous equations have two or more unknowns solved together.

 6. Algebraic Operations

  1. To expand brackets, multiply each term inside by the outside term.
  2. To factorize, take out common terms or use identities.
  3. .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. Substitution means replacing variables with actual numbers.
  7. Formula rearrangement changes the subject of formula.
  8. Transposition moves terms across the equal sign by changing signs.
  9. Check solutions by substituting values back in the equation.
  10. Quadratic equations have variables squared (power of 2).

7. Geometry – Angles and Triangles

  1. knowledge of shapes, sizes, and properties of space is geometry.
  2. A line is straight with no thickness.
  3. An angle is formed when two lines meet.
  4. Angles are measured in degrees (°).
  5. Right angle equals 90 degrees.
  6. Straight line equals 180 degrees.
  7. Full circle equals 360 degrees.
  8. Acute angle is less than 90 degrees.
  9. The Obtuse angle is greater than 90 but less than 180 degrees.
  10. Complementary angles add up to 90 degrees.

8. Triangles and Circles

  1. The sum of angles in a triangle is always 180 degrees.
  2. An equilateral triangle has all sides equal.
  3. An isosceles triangle has two sides equal.
  4. A scalene triangle has all sides unequal.
  5. Pythagoras theorem: .
  6. It applies only to right-angled triangles.
  7. Hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle.
  8. Circumference of circle = .
  9. Area of circle = .
  10. Diameter equals twice the radius.

9. Areas and Volumes

  1. The Area of rectangle = length × width.
  2. The Area of triangle = ½ × base × height.
  3. The Area of parallelogram = base × height.
  4. Formula of The Area of trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height.
  5. The Volume of cube = side³.
  6. The Volume of cuboid = length × width × height.
  7. The Volume of cylinder = Ï€r²h.
  8. The Volume of cone = ⅓Ï€r²h.
  9. The Volume of sphere = 4/3Ï€r³.
  10. The Surface area of sphere = 4Ï€r².

10. Trigonometry and Statistics

  1. Trigonometry relates angles to sides in a triangle.
  2. Sine = opposite ÷ hypotenuse.
  3. Cosine = adjacent ÷ hypotenuse.
  4. Tangent = opposite ÷ adjacent.
  5. .
  6. The inverse of sine gives angle from ratio.
  7. Graphs visually represent data or equations.
  8. Formula of Mean = sum of all values ÷ number of values.
  9. Median is the middle value in ordered data.
  10. Mode is the value that appears most often.

Module 2 Physics Final Practice Exam (52 Questions 65 Mints)

 

Module -2 Physics

Module -2 Physics

Final Practice Exam