Module 13 Aircraft Aerodynamics, Structures, and Systems 100 Important Sentences for Revision

 1. Basic Aerodynamics

1. Lift is the upward force that opposes weight.
2. Drag is the air resistance acting opposite to motion.
3. Thrust moves the aircraft forward.
4. Weight acts downward through the center of gravity.
5. The four main forces on an aircraft are lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
6. Bernoulli’s principle explains lift as pressure difference.
7. Newton’s third law also contributes to lift generation.
8. The wing’s shape is called an air foil.
9. Angle of attack is the angle between chord line and airflow.
10. When angle of attack exceeds the critical angle stall occur.

2. Flight Controls

11. Primary flight controls are ailerons, elevators, and rudder.
12. Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis.
13. Elevators control pitch about the lateral axis.
14. The rudder controls yaw about the vertical axis.
15. Secondary flight controls include flaps, spoilers, and trim tabs.
16. The secondary Flt Control Flaps increase lift and drag for landing and takeoff.
17. Slats delay airflow separation and prevent stall.
18. Spoilers destroy lift and assist braking.
19. Trim tabs reduce pilot control effort.
20. Fly-by-wire systems use electrical signals instead of cables.

3. Aircraft Structures

21. The fuselage houses crew, passengers, and cargo.
22. The wing generates lift and supports fuel tanks.
23. The empennage includes the tailplane and fin.
24. The horizontal stabilizer provides pitch stability.
25. The vertical fin provides directional stability.
26. The landing gear supports aircraft on the ground.
27. Semi-monocoque structure uses frames, stringers, and skin.
28. Composite materials are strong and lightweight.
29. Stress is internal resistance to external load.
30. Fatigue is caused by repeated loading cycles.

4. Powerplant Systems

31. The powerplant provides thrust.
32. Turbofan engines are used in most modern airliners.
33. A propeller driven through a reduction gearbox in Turboprop engines.
34. The compressor increases air pressure.
35. The combustion chamber mixes air with fuel and burns it.
36. The turbine extracts energy to drive the compressor.
37. The exhaust nozzle accelerates the gases for thrust.
38. The accessory gearbox drives engine accessories.
39. FADEC controls engine parameters automatically.
40. Engine fire extinguishing systems use halon or clean agents.

5. Landing Gear Systems

41. The landing gear absorbs landing shock loads.
42. Main and nose gear support the aircraft on the ground.
43. Oleo struts use oil and air for shock absorption.
44. Retraction and extension are powered hydraulically or electrically.
45. Uplocks and down locks secure gear position.
46. Proximity sensors indicate gear position.
47. Anti-skid systems prevent wheel lockup.
48. Brake fans help in cooling brakes.
49. Nose wheel steering is hydraulically or electrically operated.
50. Tires are nitrogen inflated to prevent fire risk.

6. Hydraulic Systems

51. Hydraulics transmit force using pressurized fluid.
52. Pascal’s law governs hydraulic pressure transmission.
53. Typical operating pressure is 3000 psi.
54. Hydraulic pumps supply system pressure.
55. Reservoirs store hydraulic fluid.
56. Filters remove contamination.
57. Accumulators store pressure energy.
58. Relief valves protect against overpressure.
59. Actuators convert pressure to movement.
60. Skydrol is a commonly used phosphate ester hydraulic fluid.

7. Pneumatic and Air Systems

61. Pneumatic systems use compressed air.
62. Air can be supplied from the APU, engines, or ground source.
63. Pneumatics power de-icing, pressurization, and engine start.
64. Check valves prevent backflow.
65. Pressure regulators control system pressure.
66. Safety valves prevent overpressure.
67. Air cycle machines condition the cabin air.
68. Bleed air is tapped from compressor stages.
69. Leak detection systems monitor pneumatic ducts.
70. Isolation valves control system routing.

8. Electrical Systems

71. The electrical system provides power to aircraft components.
72. Power sources include generators, batteries, and external power.
73. AC and DC systems are both used in modern aircraft.
74. The constant speed drive maintains generator frequency.
75. The busbar distributes electrical power.
76. Circuit breakers protect against overloads.
77. Relays and contactors control heavy current circuits.
78. Batteries provide power during engine start.
79. Inverters convert DC to AC power.
80. TRUs convert AC to DC.

9. Air Conditioning & Pressurization

81. Cabin pressurization maintains a comfortable atmosphere.
82. Outflow valves control cabin pressure.
83. Cabin altitude should not exceed 8,000 feet.
84. Air conditioning controls temperature and humidity.
85. Air cycle machine cools bleed air using expansion.
86. Recirculation fans improve air distribution.
87. Temperature controllers regulate cabin zones.
88. Pressure relief valves prevent over pressurization.
89. Safety valves protect structure during decompression.
90. Cabin pressure differential must stay within structural limits.

10. Flight Instruments & Avionics

91. The pitot-static system provides airspeed, altitude, and VSI data.
92. Pitot tube measures dynamic pressure.
93. Static port measures atmospheric pressure.
94. Altimeter displays height above sea level.
95. Airspeed indicator shows speed relative to air.
96. Vertical speed indicator shows rate of climb or descent.
97. Attitude indicator shows aircraft pitch and roll.
98. Heading indicator shows aircraft direction.
99. Radio altimeter measures height above ground.
100. Flight data recorder and CVR record flight information for safety.